In perceptual decisions, noise-corrupted decision evidence is encoded in sensory cortex, and downstream regions of association and motor cortices accumulate the fluctuating sensory response over time into a decision variable that forms the basis of behavioral choice ( Bogacz et al., 2006 Shadlen and Kiani, 2013 Siegel et al., 2011 Wang, 2008). Most decisions – including judgments about weak sensory signals in noise – are based on a protracted accumulation of decision-relevant evidence ( Shadlen and Kiani, 2013) implemented in a distributed network of brain regions ( Pinto et al., 2019). These same arousal systems are phasically recruited during elementary decisions, in relation to computational variables such as uncertainty about making the correct choice and surprise about decision outcome ( Aston-Jones and Cohen, 2005 Bouret and Sara, 2005 Colizoli et al., 2018 Dayan and Yu, 2006 Krishnamurthy et al., 2017 Lak et al., 2017 Nassar et al., 2012 Parikh et al., 2007 Urai et al., 2017). Release of these neuromodulators can profoundly change the operating mode of target cortical circuits ( Aston-Jones and Cohen, 2005 Froemke, 2015 Harris and Thiele, 2011 Lee and Dan, 2012 Pfeffer et al., 2018). These global state changes are controlled in large part by modulatory neurotransmitters that are released from subcortical nuclei such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and the cholinergic basal forebrain.
The global arousal state of the brain changes from moment to moment ( Aston-Jones and Cohen, 2005 McGinley et al., 2015b).
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